2.86. x⁴ - 2x³ - 18x² - 6x + 9 = 0Видим, что x = -1 является корнем уравнения:1 + 2 - 18 + 6 + 9 = 0x⁴ + x³ - 3x³ - 3x² - 15x² - 15x + 9x + 9 = 0x³(x + 1) - 3x²(x + 1) - 15x(x + 1) + 9(x + 1) = 0(x³ - 3x² - 15x + 9)(x + 1) = 0x = -1x³ - 3x² - 15x + 9 = 0x³ + 3x² - 6x² - 18x + 3x + 9 = 0x²(x + 3) - 6x(x + 3) + 3(x + 3) = 0(x + 3)(x² - 6x + 3) = 0x = -3x² - 6x + 3 = 0x² - 6x + 9 - 6 = 0(x - 3)² - (√6)² = 0(x - 3 - √6)(x - 3 + √6) = 0x = 3 + √6; 3 - √6Ответ: x = -3; -1; 3 - √6; 3 + √6.2.87.4x⁴ - 8x³ + 3x² - 8x + 4 = 0 Это возвратное уравнение. Делим на x².4x² - 8x + 3 - 8/x + 4/x² = 04x² + 4/x² + 3 - 8x - 8/x = 04x² + 8 + 4/x² - 8x - 8/x - 5 = 04(x² + 2 + 1/x²) - 8(x + 1/x) - 5 = 04(x + 1/x)² - 8(x + 1/x) - 5 = 0 Пусть x + 1/x = t.4t² - 8t - 5 = 0D = 64 + 5·4·4 = 16·4 + 16·5 = 16·9 = 12²t₁ = (8 + 12)/8 = 20/8 = 5/2t₂ = (8 - 12)/8 = -4/8 = -1/2Обратная замена:1) x + 1/x = 5/22x² + 2 = 5x2x² - 5x + 2 = 02x² - 4x - x + 2 = 02x(x - 2) - (x - 2) = 0(2x - 1)(x - 2) = 0x = 1/2; 2.2) x + 1/x = -1/22x² + 2 = -x2x² + x + 2 = 0D = 1 - 2·2·4 < 0 ⇒ нет корнейОтвет: x = 1/2; 2. 2.883x² + 5x + 5/x + 3/x² = 163x² + 6 + 3/x² + 5x + 5/x - 16 - 6 = 03(x² + 2 + 1/x²) + 5(x + 1/x) - 22 = 03(x + 1/x)² + 5(x + 1/x) - 22 = 0Пусть t = 1 + 1/x.3t² + 5t - 22 = 0D = 25 + 22·4·3 = 289 = 17²t₁ = (-5 + 17)/6 = 12/6 = 2t₂ = (-5 - 17)/6 = -22/6 = -11/3Обратная замена:x + 1/x = 2x² + 1 = 2xx² - 2x + 1 = 0(x - 1)² = 0x = 12) x + 1/x = -11/33x² + 3 = -11x3x² + 11x + 3 = 0D = 11² - 3·3·4 = 121 - 36 = 85 = (√85)²x₁ = (-11 + √85)/6x₂ = (-11 - √85)/6Ответ: x = (-11 - √85)/6; (-11 + √85)/6; 1. 2.89.x⁴ - 2x³ - 13x² - 2x + 1 = 0Тоже возвратное уравнение.Разделим на x².x² - 2x - 13 - 2/x + 1/x² = 0x² + 1/x² - 2x - 2/x - 13 = 0x² + 2 + 1/x² - 2x - 2/x - 13 - 2 = 0(x + 1/x)² - 2(x + 1/x) - 15 = 0Пусть t = 1 + 1/x.t² - 2t - 15 = 0t² - 2t + 1 - 16 = 0(t - 1)² - 4² = 0(t - 1 - 4)(t - 1 + 4) = 0(t - 5)(t + 3) = 0t = -3; 5Обратная замена:1) x + 1/x = -3x² + 1 = -3xx² + 3x + 1 = 0D = 9 - 4 = 5 = (√5)²x₁ = (-3 + √5)/2x₂ = (-3 - √5)/22) x + 1/x = 5x² + 1 = 5xx² - 5x + 1 = 0D = 25 - 4 = 21 = (√21)²x₁ = (5 + √21)/2x₂ = (5 - √21)/2Ответ: x = (-3 - √5)/2; (-3 + √5)/2; (5 - √21)/2; (5 + √21)/2.