1 What do courts of the United States include?2 Federal statutes that refer to the "courts of the United States" are referring only to the courts of the federal government, aren't they?3 Has every state adopted a division of its judiciary into at least two levels?4 Do 47 or 50 states allow at least one appeal of right from a final judgment on the merits?5 Three states do not provide a right to a first appeal, do they?6 Does the U.S. federal court system hear cases involving litigants from two or more states, violations of federal laws, treaties, and the Constitution, admiralty, bankruptcy, and related issues?7 Are 80% or 20% of the cases civil?8 Why are the various state court systems free to operate in ways that vary widely from those of the federal government, and from one another?