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There are numerous myths about the origins of money. The concept of money is
often confused with coinage. Coins are a relatively modern form of money. Their
first appearance was probably in Asia in the 7th century BC. And whether these
coins were used as money in the modern sense has also been questioned.
To determine the earliest use of money, we need to define what we mean by
money. We will return to this issue shortly. But with any reasonable definition the
first use of money is as old as human civilization. The early Persians deposited
their grain in state or church granaries. The receipts of deposit were then used as
methods of payment in the economies. Thus, banks were invented before coins.
Ancient Egypt had a similar system, but instead of receipts they used orders of
withdrawal – thus making their system very close to that of modern checks. In fact,
during Alexander the Great’s period, the granaries were linked together, making
checks in the 3rd century BC more convenient than British checks in the 1980s.
However, money is older than written history. Recent anthropological and
linguistic research indicates that not only is money very old, but it’s origin has
little to do with trading, thus contradicting another common myth. Rather, money
was first used in a social setting. Probably at first as a method of punishment.


Early Stone Age man began the use of precious metals as money. Until the
invention of coins, metals were weighed to determine their value. Counting is of
course more practical, the first standardized ingots appeared around 2200 BC.
Other commonplace objects were subsequently used in the abstract sense, for
example miniature axes, nails, swords, etc.
Full standardization arrived with coins, approximately 700 BC. The first printed
money appeared in China, around 800 AD. The first severe inflation was in the
11th century AD. The Mongols adapted the bank note system in the 13th century,
which Marco Polo wrote about. The Mongol bank notes were “legal tender”, i.e. it
was a capital offense to refuse them as payment. By the late 1400s, centuries of
inflation eliminated printed bank notes in China. They were reinvented in Europe
in the 17th century.


3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя текст:
1. Are the concepts of money and coinage the same?
2. How old is the first money?
3. What did early Stone Age men use as money?
4. Where and when did the first bank notes appear?
5. When and where was the printed money reinvented?

1 представлены понятия деньги и монеты те же 2 сколько лет первые деньги 3 Что еще в каменном веке люди используют в качестве денег 4 где и когда сделал первые банкноты появляются 5 когда