Most people rightly consider the submarine to be

a relatively recent invention but the idea of an

underwater vessel actually goes way back to ancient

times and very early naval warfare. A medieval

legend tells of how Alexander the Great used a

submersible mission to spy on his enemies. It cannot

be confirmed whether it was an actual submarine

and it is believed that it was most likely a large sort

of diving bell A __________ . However, it at least

proves that the idea to create a machine in which

man could remain underwater and undetected for

long periods was already in the mind of man.

During the Middle Ages European inventors made

many attempts at developing submarines.

Leonardo da Vinci and other great thinkers

B __________. The first submarine that really

worked was built around 1620 by a Dutchman by

the name of Cornelius Drebbel who was working for

King James I of England. Accounts from the time,

tell of how he made a submerged journey down the

River Thames in an adapted rowing boat. No one

knows how his vessel actually worked and rumours

that King James C __________.

Engineers all over Europe continued experi -

menting D __________ . At the same time, their

military potential became obvious and by 1727

14 types of submarines had been invented in

England alone. In 1776, the American David Bushnell

developed the first military submarine

E __________ . Turtle attempted to sink a British

ship HMS Eagle in New York harbour but failed.

However, during the American Civil War submarines

were to be used more successfully. The French-

designed Alligator was the first US Navy sub to use

compressed air and an air filtration system. It was

also the first submarine to plant electrically

detonated mines on enemy ships. Alligator was

eventually lost in a storm off North Carolina

F __________. In 1897, Irish engineer John Philip

Holland developed the first submarine with the

power to run submerged for any considerable

distance, and the first to combine electric motors

for submerged travel and gasoline engines for use

on the surface. His submarines would be officially

adopted by both the US and British navies and

found the bases of future modern submarine fleets.
made designs of underwater

vehicles

2 with different ways to make a

submarine

3 but the hope of building functional

submarines was far from lost

4 that was used and not an actual

submersible machine

5 in all weather and sea conditions

6 capable of moving under water and

carrying out operations

7 took part in the experiment are most

likely untrue
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