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The Magistrates' Courts
The Magistrates' Courts try the majority of all criminal cases and some civil cases. The office of magistrate dates back to the year 1360, when they were designed to be a kind of policeman , whose duty was to search out and arrest offenders, as well as to give evidence against them at trials. In the course of time they acquired such a wide range of duties that by the middle of the 19th century they were almost entirely responsible for the government of countries. However, towards the end of the 19th century the establishment of County Councils (in 1888) relieved the county magistrates of their governmental responsibilities, leaving them judicial functions. Nowadays the Magistrates' Court is the most common type of law court in England and Wales. There are 700 magistrates' courts and about 30,000 magistrates. Magistrates' Courts are presided over by lay magistrates who work part-time and are unpaid. The courts consist of between 2 and 7 magistrates. In a few cities there are also stipendiary magistrates who sit alone and have legal training.

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English Judicial System

There are three separate systems of law in the United Kingdom: the legal systems and law courts of England and Wales; Scotland; Northern Ireland. However, there are some common features to all systems in the United Kingdom: the sources of law, the distinction between civil law and criminal law. The sources of law include: 1.«Unwritten» law (i.e. Common law and Equity); 2. Written law (i.e. statutes or Acts Of Parliament). «Unwritten» law is based on judicial precedent. We also call the Common law as «case law» or «judge-made law». It means that when one judge had decided a point of law, any judge who has the similar set of facts must decide the case in the same way as in the earlier judgement. In other words, the judge uses the process of analogy. Statutes comprise Acts of Parliament and subordinate legislation made under powers conferred by Parliament (e.g. Orders in Council, orders and regulations made by a minister with the authority of Parliament, laws made by local government).