Предмет:
Английский языкАвтор:
loganОтвет:
Young people have been active participants in their own history, playing a role in protests and revolutions against the existing social order. The youth movement can be ideological or political, but ordinary young people usually belong to it through membership in adult-led voluntary youth organizations, such as Scouts or guides. Youth cultures, focused on fashion, are determined by clothing, music, and language. The term "youth movement" is broad and can apply to both punk rockers and young conservatives.
The world's first voluntary youth organization was the church-based Boys' Brigade, founded in Scotland in 1883. In the 1900s, there was a movement of middle-class students in Germany who engaged in outdoor vagrancy. Richard Schirmann, a German schoolteacher, opened the first youth hostel in 1909. The Boy Scouts, founded by Major General Robert Baden-Powell in England in 1908, and the Association of Girl Guides, founded in 1910, teach boys and girls various useful skills, such as camping, cooking, and fishing, as well as character development.
Young people also contributed to mass political movements of both the left and the right. In the 1930s, youth fascist organizations functioned in Mussolini's Italy and Hitler's Germany, and membership in the Nazi Hitler Youth became mandatory in Germany after 1933. Communist youth groups also existed in Soviet Russia.
Since the Second World War, the media has talked a lot about the activities of various notorious youth cultures. The Teddy Boys of the 1950s were the first rebellious youth cults of the working class, followed by new groups in the 1960s such as the Mods, rockers, and Hipples. Skinheads arrived on the scene in the late 1960s, combining elements of both Mods and Rockers and associated with the racism of the far right. Punk Rockers achieved notoriety through the attention of the media in the late 1970s, with their unique "Mohican" hairstyles, vivid make-up, cast-off clothes, and aggressive music. Several of these youth cultures were recycled in the 1980s.
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