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In
Byzantine architecture the principal building material was brick, arranged in decorative patterns or covered in
plaster. Roofs were either tiled or covered by sheets of lead.

From the outside the buildings look
rather plain, with austere entrances flanked by blind
arcades. The grilled windows are small and were filled in with thin sheets of marble or parchment. Richly gained marble was used
to cover other parts of the walls and
around the base of the piers. The floors were covered with inlaid marble or
mosaics.

Byzantine columns and capitals are easily distinguished from the
classical prototypes. Many of the capitals are surmounted by a large block of
stone, which provides a broad base for the
arch above. It was common practice to carve a monogram of the emperor or
another rich patron on the capital.

The carvings on the capitals were
created by deeply incised lines and drilled holes, giving a strongly defined black and white effect.
The most popular forms of capital were the basket and
the cubical.

From a structural point of view the dome is the most important
feature of a Byzantine church. Unlike the Roman domes, which were all placed
over round openings. Byzantine architects
developed a system of construction which enabled them to place a dome
over a square opening.. This major advance was to have important
consequences in Renaissance architecture.

Human
figures do not appear in Byzantine sculpture. (A prohibition to the same effect is of course to be found in the
Judaic and Islamic traditions.) Decorative effects were achieved with scrolls, circles and other
geometric forms or by depicting leaves and flowers.
Wind-blown acanthus leaves were a popular subject.