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    In
    Byzantine architecture the principal building material was brick, arranged in decorative patterns or covered in
    plaster. Roofs were either tiled or covered by sheets of lead.

    From the outside the buildings look
    rather plain, with austere entrances flanked by blind
    arcades. The grilled windows are small and were filled in with thin sheets of marble or parchment. Richly gained marble was used
    to cover other parts of the walls and
    around the base of the piers. The floors were covered with inlaid marble or
    mosaics.

    Byzantine columns and capitals are easily distinguished from the
    classical prototypes. Many of the capitals are surmounted by a large block of
    stone, which provides a broad base for the
    arch above. It was common practice to carve a monogram of the emperor or
    another rich patron on the capital.

    The carvings on the capitals were
    created by deeply incised lines and drilled holes, giving a strongly defined black and white effect.
    The most popular forms of capital were the basket and
    the cubical.

    From a structural point of view the dome is the most important
    feature of a Byzantine church. Unlike the Roman domes, which were all placed
    over round openings. Byzantine architects
    developed a system of construction which enabled them to place a dome
    over a square opening.. This major advance was to have important
    consequences in Renaissance architecture.

    Human
    figures do not appear in Byzantine sculpture. (A prohibition to the same effect is of course to be found in the
    Judaic and Islamic traditions.) Decorative effects were achieved with scrolls, circles and other
    geometric forms or by depicting leaves and flowers.
    Wind-blown acanthus leaves were a popular subject.

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