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Определите с помощью масштаба и градусной сети протяженность Африки по экватору и по нулю меридианы. Сравните полученные расстояния.

I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) в действительном залоге. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.

1)       Heavy snowstorms disorganized the movement of trains in this region.

2)       At this railway station the stops of the trains last only five minutes.

3)       The last train arrives at midnight.

4)       The train will cover the distance from Moscow to St. Petersburg in 3 hours if it moves at a speed of 250 kph.

5)       Railway lines connect all parts of this country.

II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) в страдательном залоге. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.

1)       Before a new railway is made a great deal of work must be done.

2)       First of all, the country where the railway will be built is carefully surveyed in order to find out the best and the most suitable route.

3)       Then the drawings and plans of stations and other structures are prepared.

4)       Soon temporary tracks, on which small locomotives can run, will be laid

5)       Bridges, viaducts and tunnels were constructed to make the railway as straight as possible.

III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму.

1)       Russia (to rank – Present Indefinite Active) second in the world, after the USA, in the length of the railway network.

2)       It (to take – Future Indefinite Active) passengers 3 hours and 45 minutes to get from St. Petersburg to Moscow if they (to go – Present Indefinite Active) by Sapsan train.

3)       Special equipment (to use – Present Indefinite Passive) for the construction of railways.

4)       The first steam locomotive in Russia (to test – Past Indefinite Passive) in Nizhniy Tagil.

5)       The first Stephenson’s locomotive (to call – Past Indefinite Passive)  “The Rocket”.

IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление оборота there + to be.

1)       There are a lot of goods that can be transported by trains.

2)       There is usually a considerable increase in passenger traffic in summer.

3)       There was no chance of getting tickets for this train.

4)       There will be no trains today because of the accident on the railway.

5)       In the very first days of railways there were no signals and there were no need for them.

V. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление окончания -s.

1)       Every year our railway transport carries nearly 4 billion tons of cargo.

2)       Metro builders used some new methods of construction last year.

3)       The first railway was a short line of 854 metres long.

4)       These railway lines connect distant parts of our country.

5)       The Trans-Siberian line is the world's longest railway.

VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление прилагательных в сравнительной и превосходной степенях. Подчеркните прилагательные в английских предложениях и укажите степень сравнения.

1)       Concrete sleepers last longer than wooden ones.

2)       One of the most important railway construction machines is track-laying machine.

3)       Nowadays railways use longwelded rails which mean longer life for rails.

4)       The rail joint is the weakest part of the track.

5)       Modern railways carry a greater volume of traffic.

VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, употребив прилагательные, данные в скобках, в сравнительной или превосходной степени.

1)       The double-track railways are (convenient) than the single-track railways if the traffic on these lines is very heavy.

2)       Railways are (safe) and (popular) means of transportation today.

3)       In future we shall run (powerful) locomotives and (comfortable) cars.

4)       Automation and efficient computers will provide (safe) transportation of freight and passengers.

5)       (Large) and (heavy) rails are laid in the main-line tracks.

VIII. Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам.

1)       Railway construction involves the use of road and building machines.

2)       The first public railway line in Russia connected St Petersburg and Tsarskoye Selo.

3)       Temperature changes affect railways.

4)       The ballast keeps the sleepers in the correct position.

5)       The invention of the steam locomotive made the railroad the most important of all modes of transportation.

IX. Перепишите и переведите текст.

Permanent Way and Its Members

The principal function of the permanent way is accepting the imposed dynamic and static loads as cars, locomotives and trains travel over the track.                                                                                                                                

All elements of the permanent way must be strong and durable in railway operation in order to ensure the safety of travel. The maintenance of the permanent way must be cheap and besides it must have a long service life.

The railway construction with all its problems of track construction, ballasting jobs and so forth, is primarily an engineering problem. Permanent way is the important structure which interacts with the rolling stock providing railway traffic.

The railway track of today is quite different from that used in the early days of railways. The first track had no ballast, the rails were made of wood and rested on heavy blocks of granite. But in general the modern railway track is not greatly different from that of a hundred or more years ago. As then, it consists of two parallel rails, supported on and fastened to sleepers which are laid on a suitable material known as ballast. It's the foundation of the railway which holds the track in line and provides needed drainage.

The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic, which they have to carry. The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main-line tracks for it is those tracks which carry the largest volume of traffic.

Х. Ответьте на вопросы в соответствии с содержанием текста.

1)       What is the principal function of the permanent way?

2)       What requirements must all elements of the permanent way meet?

3)       What was the first railway track like?

4)       What is the modern railway track like?

5)       Where are the largest and heaviest rails laid?